- Resources
- Assessment of Evidence for COVID-19-Related Pharmacological Treatments
- NIH COVID-19 Treatment Guidelines (Rx Summary)
- BMJ Living WHO Guideline on Drugs for COVID-19
- IDSA Overview of COVID-19 Treatment Guidelines (Image Format)
- BMJ Drug Treatments for COVID-19: Living Systematic Review and Network Meta-Analysis
- JAMA Review Pathophysiology, Transmission, Diagnosis, and Treatment of COVID-19 (7/20)
- UW COVID-19 Treatment, Trails, and Teaching Guide
- Global Coronavirus COVID-19 Clinical Trial Tracker
- Clinical Management
- NIH Summary of Recommendations for the Care of Critically Ill Patients With COVID-19
- Cochrane COVID-19 Reviews of Evidence Relevant to Critical Care
- Evidence-Based Management of the Critically Ill Adult With SARS-CoV-2 Infection
- Pathophysiology of COVID-19-Associated ARDS
- Dealing with Coronavirus Disease–Associated Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome
- Optimal Respiratory Assistance Strategy for Patients with COVID-19
- Timing of Intubation and Mortality Among Critically Ill COVID-19 Patients
- High-Flow Nasal Oxygen in COVID-19 Patients with Acute Hypoxemic Respiratory Failure
- High Flow Nasal Canula in Critically Ill Severe COVID-19 Patients
- Ventilator Sharing During an Acute Shortage Caused by the COVID-19 Pandemic
- Ventilation Management and Clinical Outcomes in Invasively Ventilated Patients With COVID-19
- Safe Extubation Practices During the COVID-19 Pandemic
- Lung Ultrasound Predicts Clinical Course and Outcomes in COVID-19 Patients
- ECMO in Patients with Severe Respiratory Failure from COVID-19
- ECMO Support in COVID-19 and Mortality
- Relocation of Intravenous Pumps From Bedside to Outside the Patient Room for COVID-19 Patients
- Therapeutic Dose Anticoagulation Is Associated with a Reduced Need for Mechanical Ventilation and Possibly Death in Hospitalized Moderately Ill Patients but Not in Critically Ill Patients
- NIH Recommendations for Antithrombotic Therapy in Patients with COVID-19
- American Society of Hematology Guidelines on the Use of Anticoagulation for Thromboprophylaxis in COVID-19
- Rentsch CT, et al. Early Initiation of Prophylactic Anticoagulation for Prevention of Coronavirus Disease 2019 Mortality in Patients Admitted to Hospital in the United States: Cohort Study. BMJ. Feb 2021.
- Salabei JK, et al. COVID-19 Coagulopathy: Current Knowledge and Guidelines on Anticoagulation. Heart Lung. Jan 2021.
- Tacquard C, et al. Impact of High Dose Prophylactic Anticoagulation in Critically Ill Patients with COVID-19 Pneumonia. Chest. Jan 2021.
- Al-Samkari H, et al. Thrombosis, Bleeding, and the Observational Effect of Early Therapeutic Anticoagulation on Survival in Critically Ill Patients With COVID-19. Ann Intern Med. Jan 2021. (Found No Effect on Survival)
- Nadkarni GN, et al. Anticoagulation, Bleeding, Mortality, and Pathology in Hospitalized Patients With COVID-19. J Am Coll Cardiol. Aug 2020.
- Moores LK, et al. Prevention, Diagnosis and Treatment of Venous Thromboembolism in Patients with COVID-19: CHEST Guideline and Expert Panel Report. Chest. Jun 2020.
- HESACOVID Trial: Lemos ACB, et al. Therapeutic Versus Prophylactic Anticoagulation for Severe COVID-19: A Randomized Phase II Clinical Trial (HESACOVID). Thromb Res. Sep 2020.
- Nadeem R, et al. Pattern of Anticoagulation Prescription for Patients with COVID-19 Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome Admitted to ICU. Does It Impact Outcome? Heart Lung. Oct 2020.
- PulmCrit: Heparin Resistance in COVID & Implications for DVT Prophylaxis
- See Anticoagulation
- Pathogenesis of Cytokine Storm in COVID-19
- Soy M, et al. Cytokine Storm in COVID-19: Pathogenesis and Overview of Anti-inflammatory Agents Used in Treatment. Clin Rheumatol. May 2020.
- Ye Q, et al. The Pathogenesis and Treatment of the ‘Cytokine Storm’ in COVID-19. J Infect. Apr 2020.
- Koenig LM, et al. Blocking Inflammation on the Way: Rationale for CXCR2 Antagonists for the Treatment of COVID-19. J Exp Med. Jul 2020.
- Prone Positioning May Improve Oxygenation in Select Patients
- Cotton S, et al. Proning During COVID-19: Challenges and Solutions. Heart Lung. Aug 2020.
- Taylor SP, et al. Awake-Prone Positioning Strategy for Non-Intubated Hypoxic Patients with COVID-19: A Pilot Trial with Embedded Implementation Evaluation. Ann Am Thorac Soc. Dec 2020.
- Munshi L, et al. Prone Position for Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome. A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Ann Am Thorac Soc. Aug 2017.
- Hallifax RJ, et al. Successful Awake Proning Is Associated with Improved Clinical Outcomes in Patients with COVID-19: Single-Centre High-Dependency Unit Experience. BMJ Open Resp Res. Sep 2020.
- Elharrar X, et al. Use of Prone Positioning in Nonintubated Patients with COVID-19 and Hypoxemic Acute Respiratory Failure. JAMA. May 2020.
- Telias I, Katira BH, Brochard L. Is the Prone Position Helpful During Spontaneous Breathing in Patients With COVID-19? JAMA. May 2020.
- Pavlov I, et al. Awake Prone Positioning in Non-Intubated Patients With Acute Hypoxemic Respiratory Failure Due to COVID-19: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Jan 2021. (Not Peer Reviewed / REBEL EM Summary)
- Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation is Ineffective in Hospitalized COVID-19 Patients in Cardiac Arrest
- Shah P, et al. Is Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation Futile in Coronavirus Disease 2019 Patients Experiencing In-Hospital Cardiac Arrest? Crit Care Med. Oct 2020.
- Thapa SB, et al. Clinical Outcomes of In-Hospital Cardiac Arrest in COVID-19. JAMA Intern Med. Sep 2020.
- Hayek SS, et al. In-Hospital Cardiac Arrest in Critically Ill Patients with COVID-19: Multicenter Cohort Study. BMJ. Sep 2020.
- Shao F, et al. In-Hospital Cardiac Arrest Outcomes among Patients with COVID-19 Pneumonia in Wuhan, China. Resuscitation. Jun 2020.
- Other
- Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Monoclonal Antibodies (mAbs)
- NIH Recommendations on Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Monoclonal Antibodies (Data Table / mAb Clinical Summary)
- IDSA Recommends on the Use of mAbs in COVID-19 Patients
- Bamlanivimab (LY-CoV555) and Etesevimab (LY-CoV016)
- NIH Recommendations on the Use of Bamlanivimab/Etesevimab for the Treatment of COVID-19
- FDA Bamlanivimab/Etesevimab Fact Sheet for Health Care Providers
- Brief19, REBEL EM, JAMA, PulmCrit (1), and PulmCrit (2) Summaries of Bamlanivimab Data
- Preliminary Findings – Bamlanivimab Ineffective As Monotherapy for the Treatment of COVID-19
- BLAZE-1 Outpatient Combination Trial: Gottlieb RL, Nirula A, Chen P, et al. Effect of Bamlanivimab as Monotherapy or in Combination With Etesevimab on Viral Load in Patients With Mild to Moderate COVID-19: A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA. Jan 2021. (Poor Design, Clinically Meaningless Findings / REBEL EM Summary)
- BLAZE-1 Outpatient Trial: Chen P, et al. SARS-CoV-2 Neutralizing Antibody LY-CoV555 in Outpatients with COVID-19. N Engl J Med. Oct 2020. (REBEL EM Summary)
- ACTIV-3 Inpatient Trial: ACTIV-3/TICO LY-CoV555 Study Group. A Neutralizing Monoclonal Antibody for Hospitalized Patients with COVID-19. N Engl J Med. Dec 2020. (Trial Ended Early / NIH Statement: ACTIV-3 Trial Closes LY-CoV555 Sub-Study)
Note: BLAZE-2 is an ongoing trial of bamlanivimab with and without etesevimab in long-term care facilities and BLAZE-4 is an ongoing outpatient dosing and efficacy trial. - Casirivimab/Imdevimab (REGN10933/REGN10987; REGN-COV2)
- FDA Casirivimab/Imdevimab Fact Sheet for Health Care Providers
- Preliminary Findings
- Weinreich DM, et al. REGN-COV2, A Neutralizing Antibody Cocktail, in Outpatients with COVID-19. N Engl J Med. Dec 2020. (Poor Methodology, Clinically Meaningless Findings)
- See ASHP’s Assessment of Evidence for COVID-19-Related Treatments – SARS-CoV-2-Specific Monoclonal Antibodies
- Convalescent Plasma
- Convalescent Plasma Treatment Is Not Associated with Improved Survival or Other Positive Clinical Outcomes
- PulmCrit: High-Titer Convalescent Plasma Fails Again for Hospitalized COVID Patients
- PulmCrit: RCTs Don’t Justify Using Convalescent Plasma
- Meta-Analysis: Janiaud P, et al. Association of Convalescent Plasma Treatment With Clinical Outcomes in Patients With COVID-19: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. JAMA. Feb 2021.
- RECOVERY Trial: Horby PW, et al. Convalescent Plasma in Patients Admitted to Hospital With COVID-19 (RECOVERY): A Randomised, Controlled, Open-label, Platform Trial. Mar 2021. (Not Peer Reviewed)
- Libster R, et al. Early High-Titer Plasma Therapy to Prevent Severe COVID-19 in Older Adults. N Engl J Med. Jan 2021.
- Review: Jiang S, et al. Neutralizing Antibodies for the Treatment of COVID-19. Nat Biomed Eng. Dec 2020.
- PlasmAr Trial: Simonovich VA, et al. A Randomized Trial of Convalescent Plasma in COVID-19 Severe Pneumonia. N Engl J Med. Nov 2020. (REBEM EM Summary)
- PLACID Trial: Agarwal A., et al. Convalescent Plasma in the Management of Moderate COVID-19 in India: An Open-Label Parallel-Arm Phase II Multicentre Randomized Controlled Trial. BMJ. Oct 2020.
- Cochrane Review: Chai KL, et al. Convalescent Plasma or Hyperimmune Immunoglobulin for People with COVID-19: A Living Systematic Review. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2020. Oct 2020.
- Liu STH, et al. Convalescent Plasma Treatment of Severe COVID-19: A Propensity Score-Matched Control Study. Nat Med. Sep 2020.
- Shen C, et al. Treatment of 5 Critically Ill Patients With COVID-19 With Convalescent Plasma. JAMA. Mar 2020.
- Robbiani DF, et al. Convergent Antibody Responses to SARS-CoV-2 in Convalescent Individuals. Nature. Jun 2020.
- Joyner MJ, et al. Effect of Convalescent Plasma on Mortality among Hospitalized Patients with COVID-19: Initial Three-Month Experience. Aug 2020. (Not Peer Reviewed)
- Gharbharan A, et al. Convalescent Plasma for COVID-19. A Randomized Clinical Trial. Jul 2020. (Not Peer Reviewed)
- Corticosteroids
- IDSA Recommendations on the Use of Dexamethasone in COVID-19
- Dexamethasone Appears to the Reduce Mortality in Severe and Critical COVID-19
- Explanatory Editorial for the Below Trials: Prescott HC, et al. Corticosteroids in COVID-19 ARDS: Evidence and Hope During the Pandemic. JAMA. Sep 2020.
- WHO REACT Meta-Analysis: The WHO Rapid Evidence Appraisal for COVID-19 Therapies (REACT) Working Group. Association Between Administration of Systemic Corticosteroids and Mortality Among Critically Ill Patients With COVID-19: A Meta-analysis. JAMA. Sep 2020.
- Meta-Analysis: Cano EJ, et al. Impact of Corticosteroids in COVID-19 Outcomes: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Chest. Oct 2020.
- RECOVERY Trial: The RECOVERY Collaborative Group. Dexamethasone in Hospitalized Patients with COVID-19 – Preliminary Report. N Engl J Med. Jul 2020.
- REMAP-CAP Trial: The Writing Committee for the REMAP-CAP Investigators. Effect of Hydrocortisone on Mortality and Organ Support in Patients With Severe COVID-19: The REMAP-CAP COVID-19 Corticosteroid Domain Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA. Sep 2020.
- CoDEX Trial: Tomazini BM, et al. Effect of Dexamethasone on Days Alive and Ventilator-Free in Patients With Moderate or Severe Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome and COVID-19: The CoDEX Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA. Sep 2020.
- CAPE COVID Trial: Dequin P, et al. Effect of Hydrocortisone on 21-Day Mortality or Respiratory Support Among Critically Ill Patients With COVID-19: A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA. Sep 2020.
- GLUCOCOVID Trial: Corral-Gudino L, et al. Methylprednisolone in Adults Hospitalized With COVID-19 Pneumonia: An Open-label Randomized Trial (GLUCOCOVID). Wien Klin Wochenschr. Feb 2021.
- Chen H, et al. Corticosteroid Therapy Is Associated with Improved Outcome in Critically Ill COVID-19 Patients with Hyperinflammatory Phenotype. Chest. Nov 2020.
- Majmundar M, et al. Efficacy of Corticosteroids in Non-Intensive Care Unit Patients with COVID-19 Pneumonia from the New York Metropolitan Region. PLoS ONE. Sep 2020.
- Neutrophil-to-Lymphocyte Ratio: Cai J, et al. The Neutrophil-to-Lymphocyte Ratio Determines Clinical Efficacy of Corticosteroid Therapy in Patients with COVID-19. Cell Metab. Jan 2021.
- Inhaled Corticosteroids Do Not Appear to Increase Mortality in Patients with Asthma, Caution Still Required
- Kow CS, et al. Preadmission Use of Inhaled Corticosteroids and Risk of Fatal or Severe COVID-19: A Meta-Analysis. J Asthma. Jan 2021.
- Schultze A, et al. Risk of COVID-19-Related Death among Patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease or Asthma Prescribed Inhaled Corticosteroids: An Observational Cohort Study Using the OpenSAFELY Platform. Lancet Respir Med. Sep 2020.
- Sunjaya AP, et al. Asthma and Risk of Infection, Hospitalisation, ICU Admission and Mortality From COVID-19: Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. J Asthma. Feb 2021.
- Lieberman-Cribbin W, et al. The Impact of Asthma on Mortality in COVID-19 Patients. Chest. Jun 2020.
- Patrucco F, et al. Severe Asthma and COVID-19: Lessons from the First Wave. J Asthma. Dec 2020.
- Lee SC, et al. Impact of Comorbid Asthma on Severity of Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19). Sci Rep. Dec 2020.
- Favipiravir
- Clinical Trials
- Preliminary Findings
- Udwadia ZF, et al. Efficacy and Safety of Favipiravir, an Oral RNA-Dependent RNA Polymerase Inhibitor, in Mild-to-Moderate COVID-19: A Randomized, Comparative, Open-Label, Multicenter, Phase 3 Clinical Trial. Int J Infect Dis. Nov 2020.
- Shrestha DB, et al. Favipiravir versus Other Antiviral or Standard of Care for COVID-19 Treatment: A Rapid Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Virol J. Sep 2020.
- Doi Y, et al. A Prospective, Randomized, Open-Label Trial of Early versus Late Favipiravir in Hospitalized Patients with COVID-19. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. Sep 2020.
- Ivashchenko AA, et al. AVIFAVIR for Treatment of Patients with Moderate COVID-19: Interim Results of a Phase II/III Multicenter Randomized Clinical Trial. Clin Infect Dis. Aug 2020.
- Yamamura H, et al. Effect of Favipiravir and An Anti-inflammatory Strategy for COVID-19. Crit Care. Jul 2020.
- Rattanaumpawan P, et al. Real-world Experience with Favipiravir for Treatment of COVID-19 in Thailand: Results from a Multi-center Observational Study. Jul 2020. (Not Peer Reviewed)
- Chen C, et al. Favipiravir versus Arbidol for COVID-19: A Randomized Clinical Trial. Apr 2020. (Not Peer Reviewed)
- Cai Q, et al. Experimental Treatment with Favipiravir for COVID-19: An Open-Label Control Study. Engineering (Beijing). Mar 2020.
- Doi K, et al. Nafamostat Mesylate Treatment in Combination with Favipiravir for Patients Critically Ill with COVID-19: A Case Series. Crit Care. Jul 2020.
- Fu D, et al. Oral Favipiravir for Patients with Delayed SARS-CoV-2 Viral RNA Clearance: A Case Series. Crit Care. Sep 2020.
- Famotidine
- Clinical Trials
- IDSA Recommendations on the Use of Famotidine in COVID-19
- Preliminary Findings
- Freedberg DE, et al. Famotidine Use is Associated with Improved Clinical Outcomes in Hospitalized COVID-19 Patients: A Propensity Score Matched Retrospective Cohort Study. Gastroenterology. May 2020.
- In hospitalized patients with COVID-19 who were not initially intubated, famotidine use was associated with a twofold reduction in clinical deterioration leading to intubation or death.
- Janowitz T, et al. Famotidine Use and Quantitative Symptom Tracking for COVID-19 in Non-Hospitalised Patients: A Case Series. Gut. Jun 2020.
- Mather JF, et al. Impact of Famotidine Use on Clinical Outcomes of Hospitalized Patients With COVID-19. Am J Gastroenterol. Aug 2020.
- Fan X, et al. Effect of Acid Suppressants on the Risk of COVID-19: A Propensity Score Matched Study using UK Biobank Acid Suppressants and the Risk of COVID-19. Gastroenterology. Sep 2020.
- Ivermectin
- NIH Recommendations on the Use of Ivermectin for the Treatment of COVID-19
- IDSA Recommendations on the Use of Ivermectin for the Treatment of COVID-19
- Merck (Ivermectin Manufacturer) Recommends Against the Use of Ivermectin for the Treatment of COVID-19
- Clinical Trials
- REBEL EM Summary of the Evidence
- Preliminary Findings
- López-Medina E, et al. Effect of Ivermectin on Time to Resolution of Symptoms Among Adults With Mild COVID-19: A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA. Mar 2021.
- Rajter JC, et al. Use of Ivermectin Is Associated With Lower Mortality in Hospitalized Patients With Coronavirus Disease 2019: The ICON Study. Chest. Oct 2020.
- Retrospective study of 280 patients with COVID-19 who did (n=173) and did not (n=107) receive ivermectin, showed there was lower mortality in the ivermectin group (15% vs 25.2%) and a larger mortality distinction (38.8% vs 80.7%) in those with severe pulmonary involvement.
- Elgazzar A, et al. Efficacy and Safety of Ivermectin for Treatment and Prophylaxis of COVID-19 Pandemic. Nov 2020. (Not Peer Reviewed)
- Interleukin-6 Inhibitors
(Tocilizumab, Sarilumab) - NIH Recommendations on the Use of Tocilizumab for the Treatment of COVID-19
- Clinical Trials
- PulmCrit: Review of 6 Tocilizumab RCT’s
- Tocilizumab Combined with Corticosteroids Appears to Marginally Reduce Mortality In Hospitalized Patients with COVID-19 Pneumonia (O2 Sats <92% on Room Air or Require O2) and Evidence of Systemic Inflammation (CRP ≥75mg/L)
- RECOVERY Trial: Horby PW, et al. Tocilizumab in Patients Admitted to Hospital With COVID-19 (RECOVERY): Preliminary Results of a Randomised, Controlled, Open-label, Platform Trial. Feb 2021. (Not Peer Reviewed / REBEL EM Summary)
- REMAP-CAP Trial: The REMAP-CAP Investigators. Interleukin-6 Receptor Antagonists in Critically Ill Patients with COVID-19. N Engl J Med. Feb 2021. (Accompanying Commentary)
- Tocilizumab and Sarilumab Are Ineffective As Monotherapy for the Treatment of COVID-19
- Meta-Analysis: Khan FA, et al. Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Anakinra, Sarilumab, Siltuximab and Tocilizumab for COVID-19. Thorax. Feb 2021.
- Lescure F-X, et al. Sarilumab in Patients Admitted to Hospital With Severe or Critical COVID-19: A Randomised, Double-blind, Placebo-Controlled, Phase 3 Trial. Lancet Respir Med. Mar 2021.
- Soin AS, et al. Tocilizumab Plus Standard Care Versus Standard Care in Patients in India With Moderate to Severe COVID-19-Associated Cytokine Release Syndrome (COVINTOC): An Open-label, Multicentre, Randomised, Controlled, Phase 3 Trial. Lancet Respir Med. Mar 2021.
- Rosas IO, et al. Tocilizumab in Hospitalized Patients with Severe COVID-19 Pneumonia. N Engl J Med. Feb 2021.
- Veiga VC, et al. Effect of Tocilizumab on Clinical Outcomes at 15 Days in Patients with Severe or Critical Coronavirus Disease 2019: Randomised Controlled Trial. BMJ. Published online Jan 2021.
- Salama C, et al. Tocilizumab in Patients Hospitalized with COVID-19 Pneumonia. N Engl J Med. Dec 2020.
- Stone JH, et al. Efficacy of Tocilizumab in Patients Hospitalized with COVID-19. N Engl J Med. Oct 2020. (ACP Summary)
- Salvarani C, et al. Effect of Tocilizumab vs Standard Care on Clinical Worsening in Patients Hospitalized with COVID-19 Pneumonia: A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA Intern Med. Oct 2020.
- Gupta S, et al. Association Between Early Treatment with Tocilizumab and Mortality Among Critically Ill Patients With COVID-19. JAMA Intern Med. Oct 2020.
- Hermine O, et al. Effect of Tocilizumab vs Usual Care in Adults Hospitalized with COVID-19 and Moderate or Severe Pneumonia: A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA Intern Med. Oct 2020.
- COVACTA Trial: No Improvement in Clinical Status of COVID-19 Associated Pneumonia or Reduction of Mortality (Roche Press Release)
- Hazbun, ME, et al. The Combination of Tocilizumab and Methylprednisolone Along With Initial Lung Recruitment Strategy in Coronavirus Disease 2019 Patients Requiring Mechanical Ventilation: A Series of 21 Consecutive Cases. Crit Care Explor. Jun 2020.
- Luo P, et al. Tocilizumab Treatment in COVID-19: A Single Center Experience. J Med Virol. Apr 2020.
- Xu X, et al. Effective Treatment of Severe COVID-19 Patients with Tocilizumab. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. Apr 2020.
- Price CC, et al. Tocilizumab Treatment for Cytokine Release Syndrome in Hospitalized COVID-19 Patients: Survival and Clinical Outcomes. Chest. Jun 2020.
- Hassoun A, et al. Utilizing Tocilizumab for the Treatment of Cytokine Release Syndrome in COVID-19. J Clin Virol. May 2020.
- Ip A, et al. Hydroxychloroquine and Tocilizumab Therapy in COVID-19 Patients-An Observational Study. PLoS ONE. Aug 2020.
- Coomes EA, et al. Interleukin-6 in COVID-19: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Rev Med Virol. Aug 2020.
- The REMAP-CAP Investigators. Interleukin-6 Receptor Antagonists in Critically Ill Patients with COVID-19 – Preliminary Report. Jan 2021. (Not Peer Reviewed / Showed Efficacy)
- Other
- Almitrine
- Baricitinib
- NIH Recommendations on the Use of Baricitinib for the Treatment of COVID-19
- IDSA Recommendations on the Use of Baricitinib with Remdesivir in COVID-19
- PulmCrit: Baricitinib for COVID-19
- Kalil AC, et al. Baricitinib Plus Remdesivir for Hospitalized Adults with COVID-19. N Engl J Med. Mar 2021.
- Stebbing J, et al. JAK Inhibition Reduces SARS-CoV-2 Liver Infectivity and Modulates Inflammatory Responses to Reduce Morbidity and Mortality. Sci Adv. Nov 2020.
- Camostat Mesylate
- Colchicine
- RECOVERY Trial Closes Recruitment to Colchicine Treatment for Patients Hospitalised With COVID-19
- Lopes MI, et al. Beneficial effects of colchicine for moderate to severe COVID-19: a randomised, double-blinded, placebo-controlled clinical trial. RMD Open. Feb 2021.
- Tardif J-C, et al. Efficacy of Colchicine in Non-Hospitalized Patients with COVID-19. Jan 2021. (Not Peer Reviewed)
- Estradiol
- Host-Dirceted Therapies
- Reuschl A-K, et al. Host-Directed Therapies Against Early-Lineage SARS-CoV-2 Retain Efficacy Against B.1.1.7 Variant. Jan 2021. (Not Peer Reviewed)
- Inhaled Interferon Beta-1a
- Peginterferon Lambda
-
NLR > 6.11 is associated with lower mortality in patients on corticosteroids. Corticosteroids reduce mortality in patients with an NLR ≤ 6.11 or with type 2 diabetes. (Visual)
- Among adults with mild COVID-19, a 5-day course of ivermectin, compared with placebo, did not significantly improve the time to resolution of symptoms. The findings do not support the use of ivermectin for treatment of mild COVID-19.
- Patients allocated to tocilizumab were more likely to be discharged from hospital alive within 28 days (54% vs. 47%; 95% CI 1.12–1.34; p<0.0001).
- No significant difference in the primary endpoint of 28-day mortality between colchicine and non-colchicine groups.
- WHO SOLIDARITY Trial
- Remdesivir, Hydroxychloroquine, Lopinavir, and Interferon Appear to Have Little or No Effect on Hospitalized COVID-19, As Indicated by Overall Mortality, Initiation of Ventilation, and Duration of Hospital Stay
- Remdesivir
- WHO Recommends Against the Use of Remdesivir in COVID-19
- Remdesivir Does Not Appear to Improve Clinical Status or Outcome in COVID-19
- PulmCrit: Does Remdesivir Reduce Hospital Length of Stay? SOLIDARITY vs. ACTT-1.
- Meta-Analysis: Kaka AS, et al. Major Update: Remdesivir for Adults With COVID-19. Ann Intern Med. Feb 2021.
- Qaseem A, et al. Should Remdesivir Be Used for the Treatment of Patients with COVID-19? Rapid, Living Practice Points from the American College of Physicians (Version 1). Ann Intern Med. Oct 2020.
- Wang Y, et al. Remdesivir in Adults with Severe COVID-19: A Randomised, Double-blind, Placebo-controlled, Multicentre Trial. Lancet. Apr 2020. (REBEL EM and PulmCrit Summaries)
- NIAD ACTT-1: Beigel JH, et al. Remdesivir for the Treatment of Covid-19 — Final Report. N Engl J Med. Oct 2020. (REBEL EM Summary of Preliminary Findings)
- Grein J, et al. Compassionate Use of Remdesivir for Patients with Severe COVID-19. N Engl J Med. Apr 2020. (PulmCrit Summary)
- Phase III SIMPLE Trial: Goldman JD, et al. Remdesivir for 5 or 10 Days in Patients with Severe COVID-19. N Engl J Med. May 2020.
- Phase III RCT: Spinner CD, et al. Effect of Remdesivir vs Standard Care on Clinical Status at 11 Days in Patients With Moderate COVID-19: A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA. Aug 2020. (Accompanying Editorial)
- Hydroxychloroquine / Chloroquine
- NIH Recommends Against the Use of Hydroxychloroquine or Chloroquine in COVID-19
- Contextual Commentary: Of Chloroquine and COVID-19
-
In past research, chloroquine has shown in vitro activity against many different viruses, but no benefit in animal models. Chloroquine has been proposed several times for the treatment of acute viral diseases in humans without success.
- Hydroxychloroquine and Cholorquine are Ineffective as Prophylaxis for or the Treatment of COVID-19 and are Cardiotoxic
- Barnabas RV, et al. Hydroxychloroquine As Postexposure Prophylaxis to Prevent Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Infection. Ann Intern Med. Dec 2020.
- The RECOVERY Collaborative Group. Effect of Hydroxychloroquine in Hospitalized Patients with Covid-19. N Engl J Med. Oct 2020.
- Mitjà O, et al. A Cluster-Randomized Trial of Hydroxychloroquine for Prevention of COVID-19. N Engl J Med. Nov 2020.
- Self WH, et al. Effect of Hydroxychloroquine on Clinical Status at 14 Days in Hospitalized Patients With COVID-19: A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA. Nov 2020.
- Cavalcanti AB, et al. Hydroxychloroquine and Cholorquine are Ineffective as Prophylaxis for or the Treatment of COVID-19 and are Cardiotoxic. N Engl J Med. Jul 2020.
- Geleris J, et al. Observational Study of Hydroxychloroquine in Hospitalized Patients with COVID-19. N Engl J Med. May 2020.
- Rosenberg ES, et al. Association of Treatment with Hydroxychloroquine or Azithromycin with In-Hospital Mortality in Patients with COVID-19 in New York State. JAMA. May 2020. (Azithromycin Alone Has No Effect)
- Abella BS, et al. Efficacy and Safety of Hydroxychloroquine vs Placebo for Pre-exposure SARS-CoV-2 Prophylaxis Among Health Care Workers: A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA Intern Med. Sep 2020.
- Boulware DR, et al. A Randomized Trial of Hydroxychloroquine as Postexposure Prophylaxis for COVID-19. N Engl J Med. Jun 2020.
- Mahévas M, et al. Clinical Efficacy of Hydroxychloroquine in Patients with COVID-19 Pneumonia Who Require Oxygen: Observational Comparative Study Using Routine Care Data. BMJ. May 2020.
- Tang W, et al. Hydroxychloroquine in Patients with Mainly Mild to Moderate COVID-19: Open Label, Randomised Controlled Trial. BMJ. May 2020.
- Borba MGS, et al. Effect of High vs Low Doses of Chloroquine Diphosphate as Adjunctive Therapy for Patients Hospitalized With Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) Infection: A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA Netw Open. Apr 2020.
- Gentry CA, et al. Long-Term Hydroxychloroquine Use in Patients with Rheumatic Conditions and Development of SARS-CoV-2 Infection: A Retrospective Cohort Study. Lancet Rheumatol. Sep 2020.
- Lopinavir–Ritonavir
- NIH Recommends Against the Use of Lopinavir/Ritonavir in COVID-19
- Lopinavir-Ritonavir is Ineffective in the Treatment of COVID-19
- RECOVERY Collaborative Group. Lopinavir–Ritonavir in Patients Admitted to Hospital with COVID-19 (RECOVERY): A Randomised, Controlled, Open-Label, Platform Trial. Lancet. Oct 2020.
- “Lopinavir–ritonavir was not associated with reductions in 28-day mortality, duration of hospital stay, or risk of progressing to invasive mechanical ventilation or death.”
- Cao B, et al. A Trial of Lopinavir-Ritonavir in Adults Hospitalized with Severe COVID-19. N Engl J Med. May 2020.
-
“Lopinavir-ritonavir…was not associated with clinical improvement in seriously ill patients with COVID-19.”
- Hung IF, et al. Triple Combination of Interferon Beta-1b, Lopinavir–Ritonavir, and Ribavirin in the Treatment of Patients Admitted to Hospital with COVID-19: An Open-label, Randomised, Phase 2 Trial. Lancet. May 2020.