- Vaccine Resources
- CDC COVID-19 Vaccination Resources
- CDC COVID-19 Vaccination Clinical Considerations
- CDC Vaccine Finder
- ACIP Interim Recommendations for Vaccine Allocation
- Regulatory Clinical Guidance: U.K. , Canada, Australia (Vaccine Coadministration)
- NEJM: COVID-19 Vaccine Frequently Asked Questions
- Lancet Infect Dis: What Does 95% COVID-19 Vaccine Efficacy Really Mean?
- Should Antipyretics Be Used to Relieve Acute Adverse Events Related to COVID-19 Vaccines?
- The Following Vaccines Have Demonstrated 100% Efficacy at Preventing Death From COVID-19:
- For info on vaccine and vaccine-elicited neutralizing antibody efficacy against SARS-CoV-2 variants, see Virology (Table Summary / JAMA News Summary)
- Vaccine Development
- JAMA: SARS-CoV-2 Vaccines (Vaccines Summary Table)
- Vaccine Trackers: McGill, LSHTM, NYT, IDSA, STAT News (Vaccine Types / More Types / mRNA Vaccine Mechanism)
- A Guide to Vaccinology: From Basic Principles to New Developments (Vaccines and Transmission: Disease vs Infection)
- Maintaining Safety with SARS-CoV-2 Vaccines
- SARS-CoV-2 Evolution and Vaccines: Cause for Concern?
- Important Publications
- Vaccine-Induced Antibody and T-cell Immunogenicity: Klasse PJ, et al. Immunogenicity of Clinically Relevant SARS-CoV-2 Vaccines in Non-human Primates and Humans. Sci Adv. Feb 2021.
- Effect of 2P Substitution on Vaccine on Immunogenicity: Voegl AB, et al. Immunogenic BNT162b Vaccines Protect Rhesus Macaques from SARS-CoV-2. Nature. Feb 2021.
- Moving Toward A “Pan-SARS” Vaccine: Rappazzo CG, et al. Broad and Potent Activity Against SARS-Like Viruses by an Engineered Human Monoclonal Antibody. Science. Jan 2021.
- Spike Protein Conformational Dynamics: Lu M, et al. Real-Time Conformational Dynamics of SARS-CoV-2 Spikes on Virus Particles. Cell Host Microbe. Nov 2020.
- “Full Spike Plus 2P” Paper: Pallesen J, et al. Immunogenicity and Structures of a Rationally Designed Prefusion MERS-CoV Spike Antigen. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. Aug 2017.
- mRNA in vivo → Protein: Wolff J, et al. Direct Gene Transfer into Mouse Muscle In Vivo. Science. Mar 1990
- Context: Pardi N, et al. mRNA Vaccines — A New Era in Vaccinology. Nat Rev Drug Discov. Jan 2018.
- Pfizer-BioNTech Vaccine (BNT162b2/Tozinameran) [Visualization]
- Vaccine Type: mRNA / Overall Efficacy: 95% / Doses: 2
- CDC Clinical Info and Considerations
- FDA Fact Sheet for Healthcare Providers
- FDA Fact Sheet for Patients
- FDA EUA Letter (Review Memo)
- WHO Interim Recommendations
- Phase 3–4 Trial Data
- FDA Briefing Documents
- Polack FP, Thomas SJ, Kitchin N, et al. Safety and Efficacy of the BNT162b2 mRNA COVID-19 Vaccine. N Engl J Med. Dec 2020. (NEJM Summary / ACP Summary)
- Chodick G, et al. the Effectiveness of the First Dose of BNT162b2 Vaccine in Reducing SARS-CoV-2 Infection 13–24 Days after Immunization: Real-World Evidence. Jan 2021. (Not Peer Reviewed)
- Jabal KA, et al. Impact of Age, Ethnicity, Sex and Prior Infection Status on Immunogenicity Following a Single Dose of the BNT162b2 mRNA COVID-19 Vaccine: Real-world Evidence From Healthcare Workers, Israel, December 2020 to January 2021. Euro Surveill. Feb 2021.
- Dagan N, et al. BNT162b2 mRNA Covid-19 Vaccine in a Nationwide Mass Vaccination Setting. N Engl J Med. Feb 2021.
- Pawlowski C, et al. FDA-Authorized COVID-19 Vaccines Are Effective per Real-World Evidence Synthesized Across a Multi-State Health System Feb 2021. (Not Peer Reviewed)
- Efficacy — 94.8% ≥7 Days After Second Dose (90.5% ≤ 7 Days After Second Dose, 51.4–52.4% After First Dose); Thus, It Will Take 4 Weeks from the First Vaccine Dose to Develop Robust Protective Immunity (Doses Separated by 21 Days / See FDA Briefing Documents)
- BNT162b2 Appears to Be 85% Effective at Reducing Asymptomatic Infections and Thus Transmission
- SIREN Study: Hall VJ, et al. Effectiveness of BNT162b2 mRNA Vaccine Against Infection and COVID-19 Vaccine Coverage in Healthcare Workers in England, Multicentre Prospective Cohort Study (the SIREN Study). Feb 2021. (Not Peer Reviewed)
- Weekes M, et al. Single-Dose BNT162b2 Vaccine Protects Against Asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 Infection. Feb 2021. (Not Peer Reviewed)
- Levine-Tiefenbrun M, et al. Decreased SARS-CoV-2 Viral Load Following Vaccination. Feb 2021. (Not Peer Reviewed)
- Amit S, et al. Early Rate Reductions of SARS-CoV-2 Infection and COVID-19 in BNT162b2 Vaccine Recipients. Lancet. Feb 2021.
- Special Populations
- CDC Clinical Consideration
- ACOG: Vaccinating Pregnant and Lactating Patients Against COVID-19
- ACAAI Guidance on Risk of Allergic Reactions (also see Glover et al.)
- Moderna Vaccine (mRNA-1273) [Visualization]
- Vaccine Type: mRNA / Overall Efficacy: 94% / Doses: 2
- CDC Clinical Info and Considerations
- FDA Fact Sheet for Healthcare Providers
- FDA Fact Sheet for Patients
- FDA EUA Letter (Review Memo)
- WHO Interim Recommendations
- Phase 3–4 Trial Data
- FDA Briefing Documents
- Baden LR, et al. Efficacy and Safety of the mRNA-1273 SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine. N Engl J Med. Dec 2020. (NEJM Summary)
- Pawlowski C, et al. FDA-Authorized COVID-19 Vaccines Are Effective per Real-World Evidence Synthesized Across a Multi-State Health System Feb 2021. (Not Peer Reviewed)
- Efficacy — 94.1% After Second Dose; Thus, It Will Take 6–8 Weeks from the First Vaccine Dose to Develop Robust Protective Immunity (Doses Separated by 28 Days / See FDA Briefing Documents)
- mRNA-1273 Appears to Reduce Asymptomatic Infections and thus Transmission by ~67% (See FDA Briefing Addendum)
- Lipsitch M, et al. Interpreting Vaccine Efficacy Trial Results for Infection and Transmission. Feb 2021. (Not Peer Reviewed)
- Impact: Swan DA, et al. Vaccines That Prevent SARS-CoV-2 Transmission May Prevent or Dampen a Spring Wave of COVID-19 Cases and Deaths in 2021. Dec 2020. (Not Peer Reviewed)
- Special Populations
- CDC Clinical Consideration
- ACOG: Vaccinating Pregnant and Lactating Patients Against COVID-19
- ACAAI Guidance on Risk of Allergic Reactions (also see Glover et al.)
- Johnson & Johnson Vaccine (Ad26.COV2.S) [Visualization]
- Vaccine Type: Adenovirus / Overall Efficacy: 66% (85% > Day 28) / Variant Efficacy: 57% (501Y.V2) / Doses: 1
- CDC Clinical Info and Considerations
- FDA Fact Sheet for Healthcare Providers
- FDA Fact Sheet for Patients
- FDA EUA Letter
- Phase 3 Trial Data
- Oxford–AstraZeneca Vaccine (ChAdOx1 nCoV-19/AZD1222) [Visualization]
- Vaccine Type: Adenovirus / Overall Efficacy: 62% / Doses: 2
- Phase 3 Trial Data
- Voysey M, et al. Safety and Efficacy of the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 Vaccine (AZD1222) against SARS-CoV-2: An Interim Analysis of Four Randomised Controlled Trials in Brazil, South Africa, and the UK. Lancet. Dec 2020. (Accompanying Commentary / REBEL EM Summary)
- Ramasamy MN, et al. Safety and Immunogenicity of ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 Vaccine Administered in a Prime-Boost Regimen in Young and Old Adults (COV002): A Single-Blind, Randomised, Controlled, Phase 2/3 Trial. Lancet. Nov 2020.
- Voysey M, et al. Single-Dose Administration and the Influence of the Timing of the Booster Dose on Immunogenicity and Efficacy of ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 (AZD1222) Vaccine: A Pooled Analysis of Four Randomised Trials. Lancet. Feb 2021.
- Novavax Vaccine (NVX-CoV2373) [Visualization]
- For more information on single dose efficacy see Kontopoulou et al.* and Hunter et al.*; for information on single dose efficacy in individuals previously infected with SARS-CoV-2 see Goel et al.*, Saadat et al., Ebinger et al.*, Prendecki et al., Manisty et al., Samanovic et al.*, Bradley et al.*, and Krammer et al.* (*Not Peer Reviewed)
- Vaccine effectiveness against all symptomatic and asymptomatic infection—and therefore transmission—for the BNT162b2 vaccine was at least 70% at 21 days after the first dose and at least 85% at 7 days after the second dose.
- For data on vaccine response in pregnant and lactating women, see Gray et al. For a commentary on vaccination in pregnant and lactating women see Male, Adhikari et al., and Rasmussen et al.; for a commentary on vaccine-induced passive neutralizing immunity in newborns see Baird et al.* and Munoz et al.
- Allergic reactions occur in 4.7 cases per million doses; most of which occurred within 15 mins of vaccination (see MMWR, Shimabukuro et al., and Blumenthal et al.).
- For data on vaccine response in pregnant and lactating women, see Gray et al. For a commentary on vaccination in pregnant and lactating women see Male, Adhikari et al., and Rasmussen et al.; for a commentary on vaccine-induced passive neutralizing immunity in newborns see Baird et al.* and Munoz et al.
- Allergic reactions occur in 2.5 cases per million doses; 90% of which occurred within 15 mins of vaccination (see MMWR, Shimabukuro et al., and Blumenthal et al.).